CLS Lab

University of Colorado Boulder

Culture,
Language, &
Systems

We work at the boundaries of artificial intelligence and the humanities, building and adapting computational methods as instruments for both measurement and interpretation.

We study the language systems that transmit and shape modern culture, from internet platforms to literary archives to language models.

Research

What we study

We use natural language processing methods and models to study cultural patterns in complex human systems, and we bring humanistic nuance back to the design and evaluation of those methods and models. We keep real people and naturally occurring language at the center of our work, and we value interdisciplinary collaboration and open science.

Pretraining Pipelines

Probing the curation and processing pipelines that underlie large language models by examining what texts are included, how they are weighted and altered, and what cultural assumptions are embedded before training begins.

Social Storytelling

Studying how people narrate their lives in online communities by modeling latent story structures, social norms of storytelling, and how stories contribute to collective sense-making.

Poetry as Data

Using poetry as a probe for language models by measuring how their formal features (line breaks, spacing, shapes) are transformed in modern curation and modeling systems.

Health Narratives

Analyzing how patients and caregivers tell stories about illness, both in online communities and in increasingly AI-mediated electronic health records.

Human–AI Writing

Examining how people use language models for creative and personal goals, including the personal information they share and how co-authorship with AI reshapes the acts of editing and writing.

Recent Papers

Selected work

The Garden of Forking Prompts: How Users Explore Narrative Space in Story Generation

COLM 2026

Studies how people revise story prompts in real chatbot logs, introducing WildStories (275K story prompts) and WildEdits (24K edit trees). Develops a framework of edit types to map how users explore narrative possibilities and shows how it can benchmark story generation.

Advait Deshmukh, Nora Benedict, Melanie Walsh, Maria Antoniak

Characterizing Narrative Content in Web-scale LLM Pretraining Data

arXiv 2026

Examines narrative structure within Dolma, a massive LLM pretraining corpus, using an 11-dimension framework. Finds that narrative qualities are unevenly distributed across data sources in ways current curation methods can't address.

Teagan Johnson, Elliott Ash, Andrew Piper, Maria Antoniak

so much depends / upon / a whitespace: Why Whitespace Matters for Poets and LLMs

EMNLP 2025

Examines how whitespace functions as a meaningful artistic element in poetry, finding that LLMs largely fail to replicate the whitespace patterns seen in published poems, with implications for how pretraining data is linearized.

Sriharsh Bhyravajjula, Melanie Walsh, Anna Preus, Maria Antoniak

Research Borderlands: Analysing Writing Across Research Cultures

ACL 2025

Studies cultural norms in academic writing across disciplines. Through both computational experiments and interviews with interdisciplinary researchers, shows how LLMs tend to homogenize writing rather than adapt to distinct research cultures.

Shaily Bhatt, Tal August, Maria Antoniak

People

Our team

We bring together researchers from computer science, cultural analytics, linguistics, literary studies, and related fields, united by curiosity about language, computation, and culture.

Resources

Datasets & Tools

Join Us

Interested in joining
the lab?

We are actively recruiting 1–2 PhD students in Computer Science and Information Science for Fall 2027. This year, we especially welcome applicants with interests in healthcare and literary studies, but other applicants are welcome as well.

Applying for a PhD position with us? Please do not email! Instead, apply directly through the Computer Science or Information Science department and mention Maria Antoniak's name in your application.

Are you recruiting PhD students?+

Yes, we are recruiting 1–2 PhD students in Computer Science or Information Science at CU Boulder to start in Fall 2027.

What are you looking for in PhD students?+

We're looking for students with experience in (1) natural language processing, (2) software engineering or data science, and (3) academic research. Our work is interdisciplinary, and we appreciate when students have experience in areas outside of computer science. We also value time spent in industry and/or pursuing other interests outside of academia. Students with non-traditional backgrounds are very welcome to apply.

This year, we're particularly looking for students with interests in healthcare and/or literary studies, but we welcome applications from other students as well.

How can I apply to do a PhD with the CLS Lab? Should I email you?+

You need to apply to the CS PhD program at CU Boulder and list Maria Antoniak as a potential advisor in the application form. Maria can also advise and co-advise students in Information Science.

Please do not send emails about PhD admissions to Maria Antoniak. Due to the volume of messages, I will not be able to reply to any messages about PhD admissions. I appreciate your interest very much — but for context, I receive multiple requests like this per day, and it is simply impossible to respond to, let alone meet with, everyone who reaches out to me.

If you have logistical questions, please reach out to the CS and Info Sci departments.

If application fees are a burden, check out CU Boulder's various fee waiver programs. I can't provide feedback on your application ahead of time or provide any guarantees about admission.

Some resources:

Do you have advice about PhD applications?+

Check out my blog post on this topic. I've tried to make this a comprehensive guide to the PhD application process and what it's like to study at Cornell Information Science (which is where I did my PhD). You might also like to consult this huge list of resources.

I'm an undergrad or master's student, can I do research with you?+

We don't currently have any paid RA positions for undergrad or master's students. If you're still interested, you can send Maria Antoniak an email, but due to the volume of requests, we might not be able to respond.